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Perspectiva de la juventud actual en
relación con la evolución del feminismo
The Perspective of Today’s Young People in
Regards to Feminism’s Evolution
María José Núñez
Investigadora Jurídica, Vaca Abogados
Artículo Original (Miscelánea)
RFJ, No. 4, 2018, pp. 117-134, ISSN 2588-0837
RESUMEN: este proyecto tiene como finalidad, describir una realidad
que afecta a la mayoría de la población femenina y en ciertos aspectos
también a la población masculina, la lucha por la igualdad. Reivindicar
por movimientos como el feminismo. Este movimiento será analizado
desde sus orígenes a la luz de las múltiples posturas que han surgido a
través de los años. Además, se enfocará en la importancia y la forma
en que este movimiento ha causado impacto “positivo” y “negativo” en
la sociedad contemporánea y cómo estos han sido divulgados.
PALABRAS CLAVE: evolución, fenómeno, ideología, discriminación, le-
vantamiento.
ABSTRACT: the purpose of this project is to describe a reality
that affects the majority of the female population and in certain
aspects also the male population, the struggle for equality. Claim for
movements like feminism. This movement will be analyzed from its
origins in the light of the multiple positions that have emerged over
the years. In addition, it will focus on the importance and the way in
which this movement has caused “positive” and “negative” impacts on
contemporary society and how these have been disseminated.
KEY WORDS: evolution, phenomenon, ideology, discrimination,
uprising.
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INTRODUCTION
Behind the term feminism is a long history filled with struggles and
efforts: initially by women, and over time, with the support of men as
well. Knowledge of this topic allows people to understand why, even in
the 21st century, the fight continues to obtain equal rights and put an end
the machismo that has always existed. However, with time, the meaning
of feminism has been lost, creating confusion by leaving behind the
beginnings of struggle that our female ancestors went through in order
to achieve equality in certain aspects that we now enjoy.
In order to understand what defines feminism, we must understand
its origins in the French Revolution, since in this struggle—in which
both men and women participated—only men obtained a benefit. This
resulted in women wanting to be taken into account, not only as objects,
but as people with the same rights as males; this event is therefore
considered the occurrence which allowed feminism to form part of a
“revolution” of a group of women, and not just an idea that many had
and longed for.
We will then analyze important events that marked advances for
feminism in different times and places, as well as how this small struggle
gained popularity and importance and changed the lives of women,
opening up opportunities for them to enjoy their rights: mainly in the
political, social, economic and educational areas, and in their sexuality.
In addition, these events seek to denounce the mistreatment suffered
by women during various periods and in different ways at the hands of
men and by other women. We will discuss major examples of women
who decided to rebel against the traditional and take a step forward to
demonstrate their skills and counteract the idea that being a woman is
considered a disadvantage.
Feminism in modern times will be addressed, as will the influence of
past struggles and how they gave women a free pass to a life, while not
completely equal to that of men, nonetheless with certain advantages
for enjoying rights as human beings.
At present, the struggle of feminism has been divided into two parts:
the people who still struggle for the ideology of a free place and equality
between all; and, on the other hand, those who fight for the superiority
of women over men, in which the true concept of what is behind the
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feminism movement has been lost. To better understand the different
concepts, we will use examples and explain how this has nothing to do
with feminism, but rather, with hembrism.
As a movement that is starting to gain popularity throughout the world,
feminism has begun to create different types of currents that are based
on the social, political and economic practices of the area in which
these feminist groups appear; as such, their objectives have not always
coincided. The first wave of feminism will be discussed and how it
influenced the creation of other branches.
At the beginning of the second wave, currents so different from one
another that they become polar opposites will be compared. In addition,
we will discuss each current’s major influences, its authors, and how
their works were those which encouraged the enjoyment of feminism
in different forms.
Finally, through a set of interviews with a group of people of different
ages, feminism’s current characterization is established, as well the
relative knowledge existing on the subject.
Feminism’s meaning is very important at present; therefore, it should
be treated with great delicacy and precision so as to put an end to
misunderstanding and misrepresentation. People must take into
account what was and is the reason for this movement: firstly, to end
the inequalities established in antiquity and, secondly, to fight for the
recognition of women’s abilities and rights, always in a struggle in reach
of both women and men.
1. FEMINISM THROUGH HISTORY
Feminism is a topic which, over time, has gained great acceptance
by the majority of the population, but, in order to reach this point,
it was necessary to pass through many battles. This was due to
being a movement that was not socially accepted, and which caused
controversy by trying to break with the typical stereotypes that
women faced with changes to the prevailing ideology, religion, and
due to the little support, that was provided.
This chapter seeks to provide an understanding of feminism’s history,
from its origins in the French Revolution, proceeding through
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different stages to the present, and how it is experienced today; all
this is with the aim of providing information on why this movement
arose and what its achievements were throughout history.
1.1. French Revolution
The feminist movement’s origins date back to the time of the
French Revolution. Prior to this event, there were already women
who individually set forth the concept of women’s equality; but for
the existence of a true movement with the participation of not just
an individual, but an entire group, it was necessary to wait for the
French Revolution.
To begin with, it must be borne in mind that, since the beginning
of the French Revolution women have been ignored or left out of
historical events, just as happens in the historical narratives of how
this famous revolution began. However, we must assume that women
did participate, and have great relevance (Ocaña, 2003).
On October 5th, 1789 a woman interrupted the comings and goings
in a Paris market: with the aid of a drum, she summoned the women
who surrounded her. Soon, about seven thousand women had
gathered. Armed with “pikes, clubs, muskets, knives and swords,”
they began the march towards Versailles to demand that the king
solve the bread shortage in the capital and that Declaration of Rights
of Men and Citizens be signed - they threatened to use a cannon
to open the palace doors (a motif which is repeated in several
engravings from the time).
The next day, with the collaboration of the National Guard, the
march managed to get the king and his family out of Versailles to
take them Paris, thus making it difficult for them to escape France
and take refuge from the Revolution abroad (Barba, 2016).
With the aforementioned it is shown that it was the women who
initiated this uprising and the men who followed it. It was a fight in
which both men and women united to struggle for the same end, and as
a final result, achieve the French Constitution; however, this document,
ensuring the rights of human beings, denied women access to political,
voting and speaking rights before the legislature, in other words,
women lost their rights to equality compared to other individuals.
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This caused Olimpia de Gouges, writer, French politician and feminist
of her time, to write and publish the Declaration of Woman and Citizens
in the year 1791. Due to her revolutionary spirit she was imprisoned
without the right to defense or to be judged and on November 3,
1793 was guillotined by the French revolutionaries. This served as a
complaint and a claim against the revolution for leaving women out of
the ideology of “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité” (Ocaña, 2003).
Unfortunately, it was a time when men did not accept the idea
of sharing equality and freedom with women, so this meant that
women failed in the revolution to claim their rights. However, this
was what began the movement and motivated women to continue
with their demands.
1.2. Important Historical Data
In order to have a clearer idea of this movement’s entire struggle,
from its creation following the French Revolution to the present,
the most important historical dates will be explained and how the
movement’s actions paid off.
1848: date recognized as the year in which the first feminist
movement on the American continent was founded by Elizabeth
Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, who led a group of 90 men and
women who sought equality and equal rights for women, mainly
in the political and civic arenas. In the end they achieved approval
of the document known as the “Declaration of Feelings” in the
State of New York, and with this the beginning of the channeling
of conscious feminist movements (Miyares, 1999).
1893: the feminist movement’s first triumph occurs. For the first
time in history, women were able to enjoy the right to vote in
national elections in the country of New Zealand. Following this,
various other countries followed the example. In Europe, Finland
became the first country on the continent to accept the female
vote (Camino, 2017).
1903: on this date we have two important events for women: the
first is the creation of the Social and Political Union of Women and
the second is that Marie Curie, a leading female scientist, became
the first woman to win a Nobel Prize.
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The Social and Political Union of Women had as its purpose the
protection of women within the British system, a group made up
only of women and led by Emmeline Pankhurst and the followers,
who called themselves the suffragettes. This union was aimed at
enabling women in the United Kingdom to vote. At the beginning,
their protests were peaceful, but over time and seeing a lack of
results, they began to turn violent.
This caused an impact on society, as it was the first time that women
resorted to such a system. In the end, the result was obtained in
the year 1968, when women achieved the vote and the law began
to be written to include women (Felis, 2015).
Another important event occurred this same year, when Marie
Curie, a leading female scientist, became the first woman to win
a Nobel prize twice. The first was in physics, in recognition of she
and her husband’s discovery of polonium and radium, thereby
leading to the discovery of radioactivity; and the second was in
chemistry, but this time alone (her husband was hit by a horse
carriage and died). The recognition in this case was for explaining
radium and its elements (Parra, 2012).
1908: an important date, since it brought about international
women’s day. Before explaining this date, we must have a broad
knowledge of the events that transpired in previous years, and
how they allowed for creation of this “celebration”: In 1857, a
march was held in order to demand a work day free from worker
exploitation, specifically for the seamstresses at a textile company
in New York. The best way to put an end to the abuse was to obtain
a work schedule of just 10 hours; all this happened in the month of
May. (Portugal, 2014).
In 1857, in the month of May, a group of shirt collar ironers, also from
New York, started a strike for a raise in wages; unfortunately, upon
not achieving the desired results, they were forced to stop and return
to work three months later (Portugal, 2014).
On May 3, 1908, a celebration known as Women’s Day was held in
Chicago. Its primary aim was to demand women’s rights in the
workplace, the vote and the voice of women in politics, to raise
awareness regarding the sexual harassment suffered by women in the
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workplace and to include their vote in the war contract. As an extra,
the increase of female unions in these times was recognized.
Different events in the nineteenth and twentieth century are what have
led to commemorate and remember the anniversary as we know it. One
of them dates back to March 8, 1857, when hundreds of women from a
textile factory in New York went out to march against low wages, which
were less than half what men perceived for the same task, it ended with
the bloody figure of 120 women killed as a result of the brutality with
which the police dispersed the march. That led to two years later, the
workers founded the first women’s union (Matte, 2018).
Since then, women’s mobilizations have become more visible,
especially after 1909, when Socialist Women in the United States
commemorated National Women’s Day for the first time on February
28. Finally, in 1910, May 8th was proclaimed as International Women’s
Day, with the aim of raising awareness and obtaining equal rights;
however, it was not declared an official day by the United Nations
(UN) until 1977 (Portugal, 2014).
1.3. Present Days
Feminism will always be considered as a manifestation of great his-
torical importance, primarily for women, but today it can be conside-
red that there is still a strong degree of ignorance regarding its mea-
ning--so much so that many people tend to confuse the term’s intent.
At present, there is an entanglement between the terms feminism and
hembrism, since the former seeks equality between men and women,
while the latter seeks women’s superiority. Consequently, what real
feminists seek is for women to defend their ideology, and for men to
support and respect this movement (Montero, 2006).
In the 1980s, the independent feminist movement defined its
objectives and strategies based on a discourse of its own, although
not unitary.
Among the different analyzes, there is one that becomes stronger
and has greater acceptance among women and is called the difference.
This discourse understands that the struggle for the disappearance of
social and economic inequalities is not enough.
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At present, women have made great progress in achieving equal
opportunities in many aspects, but there is still a need to overcome
certain existing stereotypes and achieve the end of patriarchy. In the
workplace, women still earn a lower salary than men, even when doing
the same job. In many parts of the world, women cannot obtain certain
jobs because they are female (with the same facilities as men), or do not
receive the promotion they deserve because it is thought that they are
not as capable of the same level of workplace commitment. According
to the ILO: The road to equality at work is still long, “he added, citing
the most recent data compiled in the region, in a statement released
on the occasion of International Women’s Day, in which he states that
information on Disparities in access to labor markets should be consi-
dered as “a call to action”.
Another current issue of relevance is the misuse of the word
feminism: misused by some to obtain certain benefits for being female,
or as a provocation for a struggle not truly necessary for women. For
example, one of the most debated issues is the struggle created by
certain authors, who point out the existence of sexist language which
excludes women, and claim that this incites macho culture, but these
arguments are not valid.
According to the Royal Spanish Academy (2018), “The explicit
mention of the female is justified only when the opposition of the
sexes is relevant within the context,” in other words, only when
required. In the case of this struggle, there are two points of view:
the first is that women wish to suppress the lesser valuation of the
female gender and seek recognition of their positive features as well
as their abilities, mainly in labor positions, for example as “president”
or “boss” (in Spanish, with the feminine gender, “presidenta” and
“jefa”, rather than the masculine/neutral “presidente” or “jefe”); but
from the second point of view, this can go to an extreme when the
aim is to eliminate the male generic use in contexts--in other words,
that absolutely all masculine terms are also feminine, with the
most famous example being “miembros” (“members” in English) to
“miembras” (Cotreras, 2017).
It can be deduced that the loss of feminism’s meaning has a great deal
to do with the extensive use of social networks, since many women
use these mediums to express their “feminist” point of view and their
complaints about men. These types of women have earned the name
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of feminazis, who are people who have converted their ideology into
fanaticism and are part of a true movement of hembrism.
Their speech therefore causes discriminatory and hateful attitudes
toward men by criticizing every act they do or say; because,
according to this type of women, their every act is against women.
One of the most striking examples is that a man acts like a gentleman
with a woman because this demonstrates women’s weakness and
the dependence that we have on men. This type of thinking is not
typical of the feminist movement, and for this reason, there are many
feminists who denounce this type of action and ask that such attitudes
not be considered as representative of their struggle. The struggle of
feminism has been on-going for many years and will continue into the
future. It is now possible to enjoy the results of this, but certain points
remain to be resolved. As the movement has gained acceptance, so
has the number of participants willing to help to look for ideas to solve
the problems affecting women’s well-being and denounce injustices
(Cotreras, 2017).
2. WAVES OF FEMINISM
Throughout history, feminism has undergone changes, mainly
because of the variable types of ideology existing, or because of
women’s different needs. The creation of these feminist currents
seeks to obtain their result through different strategies. We will thus
speak specifically about three main currents that are very important,
and that can be compared because their differences are clear.
2.1. Enlightenment
Also known as the first wave, its beginnings were from the French
Revolution and as discussed before, in these times women sought to
be recognized as free to receive their rights as citizens and also in the
field of education, but not this was considered a movement because it
was claimed individually rather than collectively. Mary Wollstonecraft
is the representative of this current. Through her writings in 1792, the
English author claimed independence for women, primarily before
their husbands, and sought for women to have access to education since
this would allow them to be considered equal to men (San José, 2017).
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At this stage of history, such behavior was not well regarded by men.
This led to a backlash against women, who were not allowed to exercise
the rights they requested. New prohibitions were created in addition
to the obligation they had to obey to their husbands in marriage
contracts, and for this reason, the creation of the feminist movement
by Wollstonecraft caused displeasure on the part of Napoleon, who
established that women were not competent (Villatoro, 2018).
The Code of Napoleon, thereafter imitated throughout Europe,
once again made marriage into an unequal contract. Article 321
demanded the wife’s obedience to the husband and granted divorce
only in the case that the husband brought his concubine into the
conjugal home. (Nuria, 2008)
Neither did women have the right to make decisions regarding their
bodies, since they were not their own. This is when abortion was
banned--until present a subject of great controversy (Villatoro, 2018).
a. Liberal
The liberal movement has its origins at the end of the 19th and the
beginning of the 20th centuries. The struggle at this time no longer only
sought for women to obtain the vote, but also gave great importance to
the workplace, in which women should have the same opportunities as
men to hold power in the same positions (Ilabaca, 2017).
Women began to speak out about their experiences when excluded
from society, the inequality they felt in work opportunities, and
the oppression they experienced on a daily basis, which led to the
creation of support groups. Over time these groups decided that the
world should be aware of the inequalities they experienced in their
daily lives. They did this through demonstrations and marches, in
which they also requested consideration for important political and
work positions, so as not to remain simply as housewives.
The liberals knew that there would be certain barriers to achieving
their objectives, and that they would probably have to endure
workplace exploitation in order to demonstrate their capacity to do
the same work as men (Ilabaca, 2017).
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The awakening of consciousness is the common discovery of
a situation of oppression. It consists of a practice that shows
social designs from a different perspective. It is the basic tool
for transformation within this theory, since it allows a silenced
group to manifest and enunciate social strategies and practices
through which power--male power--oppresses society’s other
half. (Böhmer, M, 1993, p 185)
The liberal movement continues to be appreciated by present-day
feminists, since their struggle is to seek workplace equality and a fair
wage for women. It is known that in most countries women are not
able to obtain important positions because of their sex or, such as
happens in the entertainment world, the actors in general earn twice
the salary of the actresses, even if both are in leading roles.
b. Separatist
This movement is the polar opposite of enlightenment feminism,
since its main objective to separate men and women and eliminate the
value of a search for equality. The ideology held is that the male and
female sexes are in no way similar, and that women should worry about
and care for one other, leaving men aside. This movement reaches
an extreme and aims to create certain places and spaces that are for
women only, or in which only the female sex is benefited: for example,
a company in which only women are hired or have certain preferences.
This movement adopts the idea that women can be superior to men
and this is where the birth of the “feminists” occurs. These women
think that everything negative that happens in the world is the fault
of men, and as such, that women should be the ones who control
everything (Sánchez, 2014).
This current has also been related to the term “lesbian feminism”
because these women seek not to engage in any type of relationship
with men, much less a romantic relationship.
We affirm that a lesbian is a woman whose sense of herself and her
energies, including sexual ones, are focused on women: our socie-
ty demands that women reserve their commitment to men. The
lesbian, the woman who identifies with women. The lesbian has
been recognized for her support and love for men instead of perpe-
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tuating the system that works. If we have not committed ourselves
to others, including sexual love, we deny ourselves the love and
value traditionally given to men (Bunch, 1972).
Therefore, this movement is by women and only for women. It is
thus necessary to clarify that women who follow lesbian feminism do
not discriminate against heterosexual women; rather, they seek for
them to give their support to the movement so that women can enjoy
their sexuality freely and without prejudice.
A very remarkable author who is part of this movement is Rita
Mae Brown. The history of this woman’s struggle begins when Betty
Friendan, a well-known feminist, gave her opinion in the National
Women’s Organization about being a lesbian. In her speech she
gives the idea that lesbians are the bad example of what it is to be
a feminist, because they are thought to be man-haters. It was at
this moment that Rita decided to give her opinion in the work “The
Woman-Identified Woman” in which she defended sexual diversity.
Following this event, feminism underwent a radical change because
its new objective was to support lesbians and their freedom to choose
their partner (Mirales, 2016).
3. OUTLOOK OF CURRENT FEMINISM
For this final chapter, we analyzed the results obtained in a set of
interviews with 23 people between the ages of 16 and 50 about their
views and opinions of feminism; each question will also be analyzed
in order to explain its concept and resolve any doubts regarding the
subject. The idea of this chapter was to understand what is truly
currently occurring with the feminism movement, and how the
confusion of the term “feminism” with “hembrism” has influenced
people’s decision regarding whether or not to support this struggle.
3.1. Does machismo also oppress men?
The results obtained allow us to establish that the majority of
people think that machismo oppresses men, with a favorable result of
78.3% of the interviewees. The majority of the people surveyed were
women, but there was also participation by men, of which 5/6 thought
that machismo oppresses men, in general.
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Machismo not only denies that women can carry out the same
activities as men or affirms that women are less valued than men;
it also seeks to express that men should not have feminine attitudes
and that they should always be “macho.” Those who fully support
machismo believe that there are social roles that must be respected,
and that whoever rebels against these roles is in the wrong. Women
holding attitudes that, according to stereotypes, only men should
have, thus earn the name of “tomboy;” or, vice versa, men who act or
do activities typically reserved for women are given nicknames like
“pussy” and “fag” (Hernández, 2017).
The idea that men should only act like men is instilled in children
when they are prevented from playing with dolls, when they are
forbidden from crying because they show weakness, and above all,
when they are told the famous phrase “be a man.” This, from childhood,
marks the idea that acting like a woman is something negative and that
to do so will lead to judgement, or in more extreme cases, exclusion.
Machismo is therefore a historical trend that discriminates against
both women and men, preventing advancements in social acceptance,
and to the contrary, holding it back by saying that women will never
be enough, and that the abuse they have suffered is justifiable, while
forbidding men to open their minds and accept how they can be
or how other people are, as well as always having the idea that the
masculine is superior to the feminine (Hernández, 2017).
3.2. Do you know meaning of patriarchy?
In addition, of the results obtained, only 21.7% of the interviewees
do not know the meaning; but do they really know all the information
about what this term is and how it originated?
The generation of feminists from the 60s to the 90s were those who
fought the hardest against this system of oppression towards women,
also known as the patriarchy.
This group of women was known for following the current of radical
feminism, which was divided into: that of equality, whose theory is
based on seeking the creation of a new social contract in order to
obtain equality between men and women and, that of difference: in
which the idea is to seek equality between men and women, but never
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want to be like men; in this current, we seek to differentiate ourselves
from men, but to obtain the same benefits (Fontenla, 2008).
Patriarchy is thus a term to disseminate men’s superiority over
women, both at home and in the public sphere. In the home, patriarchy
was practiced, and in certain places continues until now, in which
the only one who has the word is the father, and any opinion by the
woman (wife) is not taken into account or is given less value.
Normally in these homes roles are created, in which the woman is
in charge of everything in the home, between being a housewife and
caring for the children, while the men go to work in order to maintain
the household economy. Patriarchy has a strong influence in all areas
in the home, from education, in which men are taught economics,
politics, mathematics, etc., while women have to learn only subjects
that are useful for better home management or are “feminine labors,”
such as sewing, cooking and caring for the husband (Bolen, s/a).
In the social field, women cannot express themselves openly
because men might dislike this, or because their opinions have more
weight than women’s, and a woman is judged when trying to do “men’s
things” such as sports, discussing important issues, leading advances
in science or simply wanting to build an object (Bolen, 2014).
In the economic sphere, since the man is the one who handles the
family’s accounts and who obtains the resources for the home, he
thinks himself the owner of all the family participants because they
depend on him. This allows the man believe that he has the power to
make decisions regarding each one’s life, which feeds his ego and his
position of superiority over others (Bolen, 2014).
It is not at present possible to affirm that the patriarchy has been
eliminated, but it has lost a great deal of power compared to past times.
The struggle of women today is towards a total end to this custom of
supremacy that, in itself, is what drives machismo in society.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Feminism paved the way for women to obtain their freedom, and
the rights that every human being should have in regard to their
way of thinking and being. It is a struggle that will always aim for
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equality and the never the superiority of one sex other another; and
therefore, it seeks fairness and that everyone is given the respect
that they deserve.
Being a feminist today is a complicated issue, as not everyone su-
pports the movement, and rather, feel a certain degree of intolerance
towards women and men with such views. With the results obtained,
it can be seen that people do not really know the topic’s meaning, sin-
ce for them it is not something of current importantance, but rather a
subject that has already been overcome.
Feminists in our times are poorly viewed and stereotyped as people
who blame the patriarchy for all their problems and primarily want
to attract attention; those who know the subject know, however, that
what they seek is to denounce the machismo that continues to exist
to this day and the number of women who suffer from inferiority and
harassment on the part of both men and women.
The story of how women have carried out this battle is an interesting
topic, because it affects the reality of many women in the present day. It
is seen that history puts women to one side, failing to give them credit
for their participation in the majority of important events and for the
influence they had on the men who have ruled the world. In explaining
feminism’s history, it is a question of people understanding that this
movement seeks for women be considered free to enjoy their rights.
Women’s acceptance in society has been increasingly notable, main-
ly in recent years. Where this process can be seen, however slowly, is
in the Muslim culture, where women have never been able to consider
themselves free to enjoy their rights and live repressed by men becau-
se of their beliefs or due to established norms that must be followed;
in recent years, however, they have gradually gained approval as im-
portant members of society, rather than being considered as objects.
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ABC:https://www.abc.es/historia/abci-mujer-trabajadora-histo-
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Recibido: 10 de septiembre de 2018
Aceptado: 8 de noviembre de 2018
María José Núñez: Investigadora Jurídica del Estudio Vaca Abogados
Correo electrónico: majo.nunez97@gmail.com