Legítima defensa contra actores no estatales: ¿Posibilidad o realidad?
Barra lateral del artículo
Publicado:
ene 5, 2021
Palabras clave:
international security, equality of States, sovereignty, international tribunal, international conflict seguridad nacional, igualdad de Estados, soberanía, tribunal internacional, conflicto internacional
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
ABSTRACT
The United Nations Charter has enshrined the general prohibition of the use of force as well as the exception to it through the inherent right of States to defend themself if an armed attack occurs under article 51. However, the proliferation of non-State actors and the response given by States to them are challenges the international community faces to maintain international peace and security. International law must find a balance between the legitimate need of States to defend themselves from the threats that non-State actors present and at the same time to defend the essential principles of sovereign equality, territorial integrity and prohibition of the use of force.
KEYWORDS: international security, equality of States, sovereignty, international tribunal, international conflict.
RESUMEN
La Carta de las Naciones Unidas ha consagrado la prohibición general del uso de la fuerza, así como la excepción a la misma mediante el derecho inherente de los Estados a defenderse si se produce un ataque armado en virtud del artículo 51. Sin embargo, la proliferación de agentes no estatales y la respuesta que les brindan los Estados son desafíos que enfrenta la comunidad internacional para mantener la paz y la seguridad internacionales. El derecho internacional debe encontrar un equilibrio entre la legítima necesidad de los Estados de defenderse de las amenazas que presentan los actores no estatales y al mismo tiempo defender los principios esenciales de igualdad soberana, integridad territorial y prohibición del uso de la fuerza.
CÓDIGO JEL: K0,K00,K33
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Cómo citar
Reyes Parra, P. D. (2021). Legítima defensa contra actores no estatales: ¿Posibilidad o realidad?. Revista De La Facultad De Jurisprudencia., 1(9), 151–176. https://doi.org/10.26807/rfj.vi9.356
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Qureshi, W. (2018). The Use of Force against Perpetrators of International Terrorism. Santa Clara Journal of International Law, 16(1), (pp. 1-36).
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Arimatsu, L. and N.Schmitt, M. (2014). Attacking ‘Islamic State’ and the Khorasan Group: Survey¬ing the International Law Landscape. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 53(1), (pp. 1-29).
Canor, I. (2006). When Jus ad Bellum meets Jus in Bello: The Occupier’s Right of Self-Defence against Terrorism Stemming from Occupied Territories. Leiden Journal of International Law, 19(1), (pp. 129 – 132).
Cassese, A. (1989). The International Community’s “Legal” Response to Terrorism. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 38(3) (pp. 589 and 596 – 597).
Centre de Droit International (2016). Contre une invocation abusive de la légitime défense pour faire face au défi du terrorisme – A plea against the abusive invocation of self-defence as a response to terrorism. Retrieved from: http://cdi.ulb.ac.be/contre-invocation-abusive-de-legitime-defense-faire-face-defi-terrorisme/).
Collins, E. and Rogoff, M. (1990). The Caroline Incident of 1837, the McLeod Affair of 1840–1841, and the Development of International. The American Review of Canadian Studies, 20(1) (pp. 81-107).
Corten, O. (2008). Le droit contre la guerre. L’interdiction du recours à la forcé en droit international contemporain. Paris, Pédone.
Corten, O. (2016). A Plea against the abusive invocation of Self-Defence as a response to Terrorism. Blog of the European Journal of International Law. Retrieved from: http://www.ejiltalk.org/.
Couzigou, I (2016). The Fight against the ‘Islamic State’ in Syria and the Right to Self-Defence. E-International Relation. Retrieved from https://www.e-ir.info/2016/02/05/the-fight-against-the-islamic-state-in-syria-and-the-right-to-self-defence/.
Deeks, A. (2012). Unwilling or Unable: Toward a Normative Framework for Extra-Territorial Self-Defense. Virginia Journal of International Law, 52(3) (pp. 483 – 550).
Di Giovanni, J, McGrath, L, and Sharkov, D. (2014). How Does ISIS fund its reign of terror?, NEWSWEEK. Retrieved from: http://www.newsweek.com/2014/11/14/how-does-isis-fund-its-reign-terror-282607.html
Dinstein, Y. (1987). The International Legal Response to Terrorism. In: Lamberti P et all. (eds.). International Law at the Time of its Codification, Essays in Honour of Roberto Ago.
Dinstein, Y. (2011). War, Aggression and Self-Defence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Flasch, O. (2015). The Exercise of Self-Defence Against ISIL in Syria: New Insights on the Extraterritorial Use of Force Against Non-State Actors. Working paper (24 Sep. 2015). Retrieved from: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2663043.
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Human Rights Watch. (2006). Fatal Strikes; Israel’s Indiscriminate Attacks against Civlians in Lebanon, 8(3), (pp. 1-49).
International Court of Justice. Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua. v. the U.S.), 1986.
International Court of Justice. Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v United States of America), 2003.
International Court of Justice. Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (the Democratic Republic of the Congo v Uganda), 2005.
International Court of Justice. Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, 1996.
International Court of Justice. Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, 2004.
Institute of International Law (IDI). Problèmes actuels du recours à la force en droit international. Sous-groupe C: Assistance militaire sollicitée, Session of Rhodes, 2011.
International Law Commission. Draft Report on Aggression and the Use of Force”, Johannesburg Conference (2016). Retrieved from: http://www.ila-hq.org/en/committees/index.cfm/cid/1036.
International Law Commission. Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, with Commentaries (2001) GAOR 56th Session Supp 10.
Jennings, R. (1938). The Caroline and McLeod Cases. American Journal of International Law, 32(1), 82-99.
Mills, C. (2017). ISIS/Daesh: The Military Response in Iraq and Syria. Briefing Paper No. 06995. Retrieved from: https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN06995
Mueller, J. and Stewart, M. (2016). Chasing Ghosts: Chasing Ghots: The Policing of Terrorismo. New York: Oxford University Press.
Murphy, D. (2005). Self-Defense and the Israeli Wall Advisory Opinion: An Ipse Dixit from the ICJ? American Journal of International Law, 99(1), (pp. 62-76).
Qureshi, W. (2018). The Use of Force against Perpetrators of International Terrorism. Santa Clara Journal of International Law, 16(1), (pp. 1-36).
Reisman, M. (1999). International Legal Responses to Terrorism. Houston Journal of International Law, 22(1), (pp. 42-47).
Roberts, A. (2009). Afghanistan and International Security. In: Schmitt, M. N. (ed.). The War in Afghanistan: A Legal Analysis. International Law Studies, 85, (pp. 1-42).
Ruys, T. (2010). Armed Attack’ and Article 51 of the UN Charter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (pp. 474-475).
Scharf, M. (2016). How the War against ISIS Changed International Law. Case Research Paper Series in Legal Studies. Working Paper 2016-6. Retrieved from: http://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2637&context=faculty_publications.
Tams, Ch. (2009). The Use of Force against Terrorist. European Journal of International Law, 20(2), (pp. 359-397).
Trapp, K. (2007). Back to Basics: Necessity, Proportionality, and the Right of Self-Defence against Non-State Terrorist Actors. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 56(1), (pp. 141-156).
Trapp, K. (2015). Can non-State Actors mount an Armed Attack? In: Weller M. (ed). The Oxford Handbook on the Use of Force in International Law (pp. 691.
U.N. General Assembly, Resolution 2625 (xxv), Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, (Oct 24, 1970).
U.N. General Assembly, Resolution 3314 (xxix), 29th Sess., Supp. No. 31, U.N. Doc. A/RES/3314. Annex, article 3, Definition of aggression, (Dec. 14, 1974).
U.N. Secretary-General, In more extensive freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all, U.N. Doc. UN Doc A/59/2005, (Mar. 21 2005).
U.N. Security Council, Resolution 1267 (1999).
U.N. Security Council, Resolution 1333 (2000).
U.N. Security Council, Resolution 1368 (2001).
U.N. Security Council, Resolution 1373 (2001).
U.N. Security Council, Letter dated 7 October 2001 from the Permanent Mission of the United States of America to the United Nations addressed to the Security Council, U.N. Doc. S/2001/946, (Oct 7, 2001).
U.N. Security Council, Letter dated 31 July 2002 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, U.N. Doc. S/2002/854, (Jul 31, 2002).
U.N. Security Council, Letter dated 23 September 2014 from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, U.N. Doc. S/2014/695, (Sep 23, 2014).
U.N. Security Council, Identical Letters dated 9 September 2015 from the Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security council, U.N. Doc. S/2015/745, (Sep 9, 2015).
U.N. Security Council, Debate on Respect for the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations as a key element for the maintenance of international peace and security, U.N. Doc. S/PV.7621, (Feb. 15, 2016).
U.N. Security Council, 5503 Meeting, The situation in the Middle: East Letter dated 31 July 2006 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Lebanon to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council, U.N. Doc. S/PV.5503, (July 31, 2006).
U.N. Security Council, 5508th Meeting, The situation in the Middle East, U.N. Doc. S/PV.5508, (Aug. 8, 2006).
U.N. Doc. S/1998/780. Letter dated 20 august 1998 from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council, (Aug. 20, 1998).
Van Den Hole, L. (2003). Anticipatory Self-Defence under International Law. American University International Law Review, 19(1), (pp. 73-80).
Zerrouky, M., Audureau, W. and Vaudano, M. (2015). Les attentats de l’Etat islamique: 20 pays, 18 mois, plus de 1 600 morts. Le Monde. Retrieved from: http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/visuel/2015/11/25/les-actes-terroristes-de-l-etat-islamique-ont-fait-plus-de-1-600-morts-depuis-la-proclamation-du-califat_4817362_4355770.html